Pobreza y descentralización fiscal. Un análisis empírico mediante panel de datos de países

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Carmen M. Llorca-Rodríguez
Rosa M. García-Fernández
José L. Sáez-Lozano

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Antecedentes: La pobreza continúa siendo uno de los grandes retos internacionales como constatan los compromisos asumidos por las Naciones Unidas en la Agenda 2030. Para luchar contra ella, las agencias de desarrollo han impulsado procesos de descentralización por todo el mundo. De esta forma, el análisis del impacto de la descentralización fiscal en la pobreza se ha convertido en un área de extraordinario interés académico pero con hallazgos contradictorios. Este artículo analiza los efectos sobre la pobreza de la descentralización fiscal del gasto en educación, salud, vivienda y protección social. Métodos: Estimamos un modelo de efectos fijos mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Generalizados Factibles usando un panel de datos no-balanceado de países. Resultados: La descentralización del gasto tiene un efecto diferenciado sobre la pobreza. La descentralización de las políticas sanitaria y de vivienda contribuye a reducir la pobreza; mientras que la de la protección social estimula el incremento de la pobreza. Conclusiones: Se confirma la hipótesis de la teoría clásica sobre la descentralización en las áreas sanitaria y de vivienda. Por otro lado, se ratifica la predicción de la teoría normativa de la economía pública en el área de la protección social. Por tanto, para cada país ha de examinarse con detenimiento las áreas de política social que se descentralizan y la asignación de recursos entre jurisdicciones para evitar problemas de selección, rendición de cuentas y asignación de responsabilidades.

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Llorca-Rodríguez, C. M., García-Fernández, R. M., & Sáez-Lozano, J. L. (2017). Pobreza y descentralización fiscal. Un análisis empírico mediante panel de datos de países. El Trimestre Económico, 84(335), 611–643. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v84i335.509
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